ABSTRACT In the public sector, where there are budgetary pressures and a growing demand for services for the population, innovation, which is an inseparable factor of entrepreneurship, remains the way to solve these problems. Thus, the objective of this paper is to describe the actions and entrepreneurial practices were developed by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), federal public foundation, for implementing an innovation to improve the process of data collection for one of its main researches, namely the census of 2020. To achieve this goal, a case study based on a literature review was developed and in interviews with semi-structured scripts, applied to IBGE managers. As a result, it was clearly perceived that, in this project, we have a creative and innovative initiative that was put into practice to react to changes in economic and social paradigms. Regarding the internet collection project, although the preliminary results did not achieve the desired success, there was one more step in relation to this practice, which aims to make the process more dynamic and, above all, less costly.

RESUMO No ambiente do setor público, em que há pressões orçamentárias e uma crescente demanda de serviços para a população, a inovação, fator indissociável do empreendedorismo, resta como saída para a máxima de se fazer mais com menos. Sob esse enfoque, o objetivo deste artigo tecnológico é descrever as ações e práticas empreendedoras desenvolvidas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) para implementar uma inovação de melhoria nesse processo de coleta de dados para o censo demográfico de 2020. Para alcançar esse objetivo, utilizou-se um estudo de caso sustentado em uma revisão de literatura e em entrevistas com roteiros semiestruturados. Como resultados, verificou-se que, nesse projeto, o que se teve foi uma iniciativa criativa e inovadora posta em prática para atender a mudanças de paradigmas econômicos e sociais. Acerca do projeto de coleta pela internet, embora os resultados preliminares não tenham obtido o sucesso desejado, houve mais um passo em relação a essa prática que tem como objetivo tornar o processo mais dinâmico e menos custoso.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a dinâmica das áreas alagadas da série temporal Sentinel-1 SAR em um trecho da Amazônia Central no período entre 26 de setembro de 2016 e 8 de fevereiro de 2020. O total de imagens foi de 59 para cada polarização. Além disso, a pesquisa calculou a linha de inundação ordinária média (LMEO) a partir das alturas das réguas fluviométricas entre os anos de 1967 a 2020 e a comparou com os valores presentes na série temporal do radar. O pré-processamento da série temporal Sentinel-1 nas polarizações VV e VH utilizou a seguinte sequência metodológica: correção de órbita, correção radiométrica (σ0), correção do terreno, filtragem do ruído, e conversão dos dados para decibéis (dB). A análise prévia dos filtros adaptativos mostrou resultados diferentes para as duas polarizações, obtendo o melhor resultado para a polarização VV utilizando o filtro Frost com 3x3 e para a polarização VH o filtro Lee 3x3. A extração de corpos d'água e áreas úmidas utilizou um valor limite fazendo máscaras para todo o período. A maior extensão da área inundável foi medida em 17 de junho de 2019, com 6.611,86 km2, representando 16,42% da cena SAR na polarização VH e 6.443,19 km2, representando 16,10% da cena SAR na polarização VV. A relação entre as áreas úmidas VH e VV em relação à altura da régua foi satisfatória, com coeficientes de determinação (R2) de 0,79 na polarização VH e de 0,64 na polarização VV e p-valor menor que 0,05.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the dynamics of the flooded areas of the Sentinel 1-SAR time series in a section of the Central Amazon between September 26, 2016, and February 8, 2020. The total of images was 59 for each polarization. In addition, the study calculated the average ordinary flood line (ALOF) from the heights of the fluviometric rulers between the years 1967 to 2020 and compared it with the values present in the radar time series. The pre-processing of the Sentinel-1 time series in the VV and VH polarizations used the following methodological sequence: Apply Orbit File, Radiometric Calibration (σ0), Range-Doppler Terrain Correction, Speckle Filter, and conversion to decibels (dB). The previous analysis of the adaptive filters showed different results for the two polarizations, obtaining the best result for the VV polarization using the Frost filter with 3x3 and the VH polarization with the Lee filter 3x3. The extraction of water bodies and wetlands used a threshold value, making masks for the entire period. The most considerable extent of the floodable area occurred on June 17, 2019, with 6,611.86 km2, representing 16.42% of the SAR scene in the VH polarization and 6,443.19 km2, representing 16.10% of the SAR scene in the VV polarization. The relationship between the VH and VV wetlands to the ruler's height was satisfactory, with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.79 in the VH polarization and of 0.64 in the VV polarization and a p-value less than 0.05.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la dinámica de las áreas inundadas de la serie temporal Sentinel-1 SAR en una sección de la Amazonía Central en el período comprendido entre el 26 de septiembre de 2016 y el 8 de febrero de 2020. El total de imágenes fue de 59 para cada polarización. Además, la investigación calculó la línea de inundación ordinaria promedio (LMEO) a partir de las alturas de las reglas fluviométricas entre los años 1967 a 2020 y la comparó con los valores presentes en la serie temporal del radar. El preprocesamiento de la serie temporal Sentinel-1 en las polarizaciones VV y VH utilizó la siguiente secuencia metodológica: corrección de órbita, calibración radiométrica (σ0), corrección del terreno, filtrado de ruido y conversión a decibelios (dB). El análisis previo de los filtros adaptativos mostró resultados diferentes para las dos polarizaciones, obteniendo el mejor resultado para la polarización VV utilizando el filtro Frost con 3x3 y para la polarización VH el filtro Lee 3x3, realizando máscaras para todo el periodo. La mayor extensión del área inundable se midió el 17 de junio de 2019, con 6.611,86 km2, que representa el 16,42 % de la escena SAR en polarización VH y 6.443,19 km2, que representa el 16,10 % de la escena SAR en polarización VV. La relación entre los humedales VH y VV en relación con la altura de la regla fue satisfactoria, con coeficientes de determinación (R2) de 0.79 en la polarización VH y de 0.64 en la polarización VV y p-valor menor a 0.05.

Abstract One challenge in the study of optical remotely sensed time series in the Amazon is the constant cloud cover. The present study evaluates different compositing techniques using regular and non-regular intervals to obtain cloud-free images over large areas. The study area was the municipality of Capixaba, State of Acre, belonging to the Amazon region. The tests considered four compositing algorithms (maximum, minimum, mean, and median) for daily MODIS sensor data (b1 and b2, 250m). The compositing technique from regular intervals adopted the following periods: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 days. The irregular interval composite images adopted different composition intervals for dry seasons (April to September) and rainy (October to March). The cloud mask and viewing angle constraint allowed to obtain information without atmospheric interference and closest to the nadir view. The composite images using regular intervals did not allow for overcoming the high frequency of cloud cover in the region. The composite images from non-regular intervals presented a higher percentage of cloud-free pixels. The mean and median methods provided a better visual appearance of the images, corroborating with the homogeneity test. Therefore, composite images from non-regular intervals may be an appropriate alternative in places with constant cloud coverage.

Resumo Os desafios sociais e ambientais estão diretamente relacionados à concentração populacional existente nos ambientes urbanos, que contribuem em mais de 75% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) mundial. Assim, é essencial a detecção da dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra visando à elaboração e efetivação de políticas públicas. Os sistemas SAR, especialmente as técnicas de interferometria, vêm apresentando ótimos resultados frente a esse desafio, uma vez que não possuem influência direta da atmosfera. Limitados estudos foram realizados utilizando-se a coerência interferométrica proveniente do satélite Sentinel-1 em ambiente urbano. Nesse sentido o objetivo desse estudo foi classificar o uso e cobertura da terra de parte do Distrito Federal tendo por base diferentes dimensionalidades considerando as medidas de intensidade e de coerência interferométrica relativas ao ano de 2018. Os resultados mensurados a partir das métricas Kappa e F1 indicam que a inserção de uma série temporal de coerências interferométricas melhora o desempenho da classificação, de 0,50 a 0,75 (Kappa) e de 0,54 a 0,79 (F1), fato que ficou evidente na melhora de desempenho das classes temáticas relacionadas à cobertura vegetal. Ademais, também constata-se que a identificação dos objetos urbanos é melhor representada pela utilização apenas das intensidades (VV e VH) no processo classificatório.

Abstract The social and environmental challenges are directly related to the existing population concentration in urban environments, contributing to more than 75% of the world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Thus, the Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) dynamics are essential to support public policy elaboration and implementation. SAR systems, especially the interferometry techniques, have shown remarkable results in this challenge since they do not have direct influence from the atmosphere. Few studies used interferometric coherence from the Sentinel-1 image in an urban environment. This research aims to classify the LULC in the Distrito Federal, Brazil, based on different dimensions considering the intensity and interferometric coherence for the year 2018. The results measured from the Kappa and F1 metrics indicate that the insertion of a time series of interferometric coherencies improves the performance of the classification, from 0.50 to 0.75 (Kappa) and from 0.54to 0.79 (F1), a fact that was evident in the improved performance of the thematic classes related to vegetation cover. Furthermore, the best identification of urban objects used only the intensities (VV and VH) in the classification.

Abstract Cytosporones, a class of octaketide resorcinolic lipids, have drawn the attention of researchers for exhibiting a number of notable biological properties. Herein, we describe routes to synthesize the bioactive synthetic resorcinolic lipids AMS35AA and AMS35BB with excellent overall yields using 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid as the starting material. The methods proved remarkably efficient to achieve the target compounds and comprise the synthesis of AMS35AA catalyzed by ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

Natural and synthetic sulfur-bearing organic compounds have many applications in medicinal chemistry. This article reports the preparation of amphiphilic β-hydroxy sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones derived from cardanol and glycerol. Thiolysis of cardanol epoxide 3 with various thiols (4a-4j) in ethanol or water yielded the corresponding β-hydroxy sulfides 5a-5j (61-95%). Treatment with 30% H2O2 in acetic acid at ambient temperature completely converted these products into β-hydroxy sulfoxides 6a-6j and sulfones 7a, 7c-7f, 7h-7j. The synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) and performed the in vitro evaluation antimicrobial activities against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Compounds 5a, 5d-5f, and 5h-5j proved moderately active against S. aureus. None of the compounds were active against E. coli. β-Hydroxy-sulfides 5a-5j were also evaluated for antioxidant properties but failed to exhibit significant activity.

Abstract Despite rapid advances in both the early detection and treatment of cancer, the mortality from this disease remains high, which justifies the development of new products that are more selective and effective and have fewer side effects. Accordingly, a novel ester was synthesized that contains two pharmacophores with important biological activities: (I) 4-aminoantipyrine, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and (II) the pharmacophore 1,4-dioxo-butenyl, which has cytotoxic activity. When administered alone, this compound is non-genotoxic, and it does not cause an increasing in splenic phagocytosis. Nevertheless, it can induce cell death. When administered in combination with commercial chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin, cisplatin, and cyclophosphamide, the ester shows antigenotoxic activity and decreases phagocytosis and reduces the potential to cause cell death. These results indicate that the compound should not be used in combination with chemotherapeutic agents that exert their effect through DNA damage, an important feature of antitumor drugs.

Abstract: This research aims to determine the vertical accuracy of the Interferometric Digital Elevation Model (DEM) obtained from the processed Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data. The research compared the SRTM-GL1 (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission-Global 1) with 30-meter resolution and the following 90-meter resolution models: (a) EMBRAPA; (b) Hydrological data and maps based on Shuttle Elevation Derivatives at multiple Scales (HydroSHEDS) (HydroSHEDS), provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS); (c) Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research-Consortium for Spatial Information (CGIAR-CSI); and (d) Jonathan de Ferranti. The accuracy analysis considered the diverse Brazilian regions, adopting 1,087 field points from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) trackers or topography methods. The Jonathan de Ferranti model achieved the best accuracy with RMSE of 9.61m among the 90-meter resolution models. Most SRTM models at 1:100,000 scale reached Grade A of the Cartographic Accuracy Standard. However, the accuracy at the 1: 50,000 scale did not achieve the same performance. SRTM errors are linearly related to slope and the most significant errors always occur in forest areas. The 30-meter resolution SRTM showed an accuracy of around 10% better (RMSE of 8.52m) than the model of Jonathan de Ferranti with 90-meter resolution (RMSE of 9.61m).

Abstract This research aimed to analyze MODIS-NDVI time series classifications, with three different algorithms, seeking to identify the ideal amount of images for studies in environments with high cloudiness rates. The spatial cut used for the study was the municipality of Capixaba, located in the state of Acre in the Amazon region. For each NDVI image, a cloud mask was constructed. This mask allowed to organize the temporal cube by cloud coverage quantity. Thus, the impact of eliminating high cloud images for the series classification was tested. At each cut, the temporal cube was redone, evaluating results for a new set of bands. For the accuracy analysis, the Kappa coefficient was adopted. A total of 84 classifications were made. Three classification algorithms (Minimum Distance, Spectral Angle Mapper and Spectral Correlation Mapper) and 4 different interactions between classes and samples were tested. Over the period analyzed, approximately 80% of images showed cloud cover above 90%. The tests showed that the removal of the images with cloud increased the quality of the classification, and the best results were found in small cubes (10 to 35 images) and with low cloud cover (0 to ~ 6%). The Minimum Distance algorithm presented the lowest coefficient of variation, showing a lower sensitivity to the presence of clouds.

Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar classificações de séries temporais MODIS-NDVI, com 3 diferentes algoritmos, buscando identificar a quantidade ideal de imagens para estudos em ambientes com altas taxas de nebulosidade. O recorte espacial utilizado para o estudo foi o município de Capixaba, localizado no Estado do Acre na região amazônica. Para cada imagem NDVI, construiu-se uma máscara de nuvem. Esta máscara permitiu organizar o cubo temporal por quantitativo de cobertura de nuvem. Assim, testou-se o impacto da eliminação das imagens com alta nebulosidade para a classificação da série. A cada corte, o cubo temporal foi refeito, avaliando resultados para um novo conjunto de bandas. Para a análise de acurácia, adotou-se o coeficiente Kappa. Ao todo foram feitas 84 classificações. Foram testados 3 algoritmos de classificação (Mínima Distância, Spectral Angle Maper e Spectral Correlation Mapper) e 4 diferentes interações entre classes e amostras. Observou-se que, ao longo do período analisado, aproximadamente 80% das imagens apresentaram cobertura de nuvens acima de 90%. Os testes mostraram que a retirada das imagens com nuvem, aumentou a qualidade da classificação, sendo que os melhores resultados foram encontrados em cubos pequenos (10 a 35 imagens) e com baixa cobertura de nuvem (0 a ~6 %). O algoritmo Mínima Distância apresentou o menor coeficiente de variação dentre os resultados encontrados, mostrando menor sensibilidade à presença de nuvens.

Propriedade e títulos de terra no Brasil é um sério problema, onde a ausência de uma situação legal provoca êxodo rural, insegurança jurídica e a impossibilidade de crédito para atividades agrícolas. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi desenvolver uma metodologia de análise de decisão multicritério na seleção de áreas prioritárias para regularização fundiária no Estado da Bahia (Nordeste Brasileiro). As variáveis municipais utilizadas foram: índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal, valor bruto de produção, número de fazendeiros sem os documentos da terra (posseiros), estabelecimentos familiares, declividade e propriedades cadastradas. No processamento dos dados foram utilizados os métodos de análise multicritério (AMC), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) e Fuzzy-AHP. O resultado final foi um mapa de síntese cartográfica proveniente da média aritmética desses modelos, contendo as seguintes classes de prioridade: alta, média, baixa e não prioritária. O método proposto determinou 128 municípios prioritários para ações imediatas de regularização fundiária com índice acima de 0,66. Um recorte acima de 0,80 selecionou 22 municípios considerados como extremamente prioritário. Esses municípios prioritários formam um padrão espacial contínuo ao longo da depressão do rio São Francisco. A grande quantidade de posses e a baixa quantidade de áreas cadastradas no Estado da Bahia indica a importância de ações sistemáticas de georreferenciamento e regularização fundiária.

Les titres de propriété et de la terre au Brésil est un problème grave, où l'absence d'une situation juridique provoque l'exode rural, l'insécurité juridique et crédit d'incapacité pour les activités agricoles. La présente recherche possède comme objectif développer une méthodologie d'analyse multi-critères dans le choix des domaines prioritaires pour la régularisation des terres dans l'État de Bahia (nord-est Brésilien). Les variables municipales utilisées ont été: indice de développement humain municipal, valeur grossière de production, nombre d'agriculteurs sans les documents de la terre (possessionnels), établissements familiers, déclivité et propriétés cadastrées. Dans le traitement des données ils ont été utilisés à Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) et à Fuzzy AHP. Le résultat final a été une carte de synthèse cartographique provenant de la moyenne arithmétique de ces modèles, en contenant les suivantes classes de priorité: augmentation, moyenne, basse et non prioritaire. La méthode proposée a déterminé 128 villes prioritaires pour actions immédiates de régularisation agraire avec indice au-dessus de 0.66. Un découpage au-dessus de 0.80 a sélectionné 22 villes considérées comme extrêmement prioritaire. Ces villes prioritaires forment une norme spatiale continue au long de la dépression du fleuve San Francisco. La grande quantité de possessions et la basse quantité de secteurs cadastrés dana l'État de la Bahia indiquent l'importance d'actions systématiques de géoréférenciation et la régularisation agraire.

Property and land titles in Brazil is a serious problem, where the absence of a legal situation causes a rural exodus, legal insecurity and the impossibility of obtaining credit for agricultural activities. The objective of this research was to develop a methodology of multiple-criteria decision analysis in the selection of priority areas for land regularization in the State of Bahia (Northeast Brazil). The municipal variables used in the model were: municipal human development index, gross production value, the number of farmers without land documents, the proportion of family farms, slope, and registered properties. The data processing methods used were the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy AHP. The result was a cartographic synthesis map based on the arithmetic mean of these models, containing the following priority classes: high, medium, low and non-priority. The proposed method determined 128 priority municipalities for immediate land regularization actions with a threshold value exceeding 0.66 and 22 extremely priority municipalities with a threshold higher than 0.80. These priority municipalities have a continuous spatial pattern along the São Francisco river depression. The large number of possessions and the small number of registered areas in the State of Bahia indicate the importance of systematic actions for the spatial registration and the land regularization.

Abstract The increased incidence of cancer and its high treatment costs have encouraged the search for new compounds to be used in adjuvant therapies for this disease. This study discloses the synthesis of (Z)-4-((1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) amino)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid (IR-01) and evaluates not only the action of this compound on genetic integrity, increase in splenic phagocytosis and induction of cell death but also its effects in combination with the commercial chemotherapeutic agents doxorubicin, cisplatin and cyclophosphamide. IR-01 was designed and synthesized based on two multifunctionalyzed structural fragments: 4-aminoantipyrine, an active dipyrone metabolite, described as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent; and the pharmacophore fragment 1,4-dioxo-2-butenyl, a cytotoxic agent. The results indicated that IR-01 is an effective chemoprotector because it can prevent clastogenic and/or aneugenic damage, has good potential to prevent genomic damage, can increase splenic phagocytosis and lymphocyte frequency and induces cell death. However, its use as an adjuvant in combination with chemotherapy is discouraged since IR-01 interferes in the effectiveness of the tested chemotherapeutic agents. This is a pioneer study as it demonstrates the chemopreventive effects of IR-01, which may be associated with the higher antioxidant activity of the precursor structure of 4-aminoantipyrine over the effects of the 1,4-dioxo-2-butenyl fragment.

Abstract Chemotherapy is one of the major approaches for the treatment of cancer. Therefore, the development of new chemotherapy drugs is an important aspect of medicinal chemistry. Chemotherapeutic agents include isocoumarins, which are privileged structures with potential antitumoral activity. Herein, a new 3-substituted isocoumarin was synthesized from 2-iodo-3,5-dimethoxy-benzoic acid and oct-1-yne in a cross-coupling Sonogashira reaction followed by a copper iodide-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization as key step using MeOH/Et3N as the solvent system. The present study also evaluated the leukometry, phagocytic activity, genotoxic potential and cell death induction of three different doses (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) of this newly synthesized isocoumarin, alone and in combination with the commercial chemotherapeutic agents cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) and cisplatin (6 mg/kg) in male Swiss mice. The results suggest that the isocoumarin has genotoxicity and causes cell death. Noteworthy, this new compound can increase splenic phagocytosis and lymphocyte frequency, which are related to immunomodulatory activity. When combined with either cyclophosphamide or cisplatin, chemopreventive activity led to a reduction in the effects of both chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, the new isocoumarin is not a candidate for chemotherapeutic adjuvant in treatments using cyclophosphamide or cisplatin. Nevertheless, the compound itself is an important prototype for the development of new antitumor drugs.

RESUMO O fenômeno do intraempreendedorismo tem chamado a atenção de pesquisadores e estudiosos ao redor do mundo, especialmente nas últimas duas décadas. A maior parte desses estudos é realizada em empresas do setor privado, devido à intrínseca natureza competitiva do seu ambiente. No setor público, todavia, os estudos sobre o intraempreendedorismo ainda encontram-se escassos ou em fases muito incipientes. Tal ambiente público, contudo, necessita, de maneira premente, de uma estratégia intraempreendedora que estimule a aceitação de riscos, responsabilidades e desafios, eliminando o excesso de formalismo. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo é estudar as práticas intraempreendedoras utilizadas em uma instituição federal de pesquisa, bem como as principais barreiras para se ter uma visão intraempreendedora nessa organização. Para alcançar tal objetivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa aplicada, exploratória e descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa e auxílio de um estudo de caso. Como resultados, foi possível verificar que as principais práticas utilizadas na organização estão ligadas a maior autonomia dos funcionários, recompensas financeiras e não pecuniárias, permanência limitada nos cargos e a tolerância a erros. Além disso, foram apresentadas as dificuldades nesse processo, sendo o excesso de burocracia e o apego às normas e regulamentos os principais entraves ao intraempreendedorismo.

ABSTRACT Intrapreneurship has attracted the attention of researchers and scholars around the world, especially in the last two decades. Most of these studies are conducted in private companies because of the intrinsic competitive nature of their environment. In the public sector, however, studies on intrapreneurship are still scarce or at very early stages. The public environment, however, urgently needs an intrapreneurial strategy that encourages the acceptance of risks, responsibilities and challenges, eliminating the excess of formalism. Therefore, the focus of this article is to study the intrapreneurial practices of a federal research institution, as well as the main barriers to having an intrapreneurial management in this organization. To achieve this goal, an applied, exploratory and descriptive research was carried out, with a qualitative approach and a case study. As a result, it was possible to verify that the main practices used in the organization are linked to greater employee autonomy, financial and non-pecuniary rewards, limited time in one position and tolerance to errors. In addition, the difficulties in this process are presented, with red tape and adherence to norms and regulations being the main obstacles to intrapreneurship.

Resumo Este artigo tem como propósito analisar o programa Sistema de Proteção Escolar – SPE, implementado pela Secretaria de Estado da Educação de São Paulo (SEESP), desde 2011, com foco nos fundamentos políticos e pedagógicos explicitados em seu escopo legal. Apresentam-se, inicialmente, programas e projetos anteriores à implantação do SPE, com vistas a contextualizar medidas e ações no campo da política educacional que incentivavam a participação da comunidade na escola e propunham atividades de prevenção a possíveis situações de conflitos. Na sequência, examina-se o conjunto normativo que regulamenta o SPE, enfatizando as atribuições do Professor Mediador Comunitário – PMC, profissional responsável pela mediação de violência e indisciplina nas unidades da rede estadual de ensino.

Abstract This article aims to analyze the School Protection System program - SPE implemented by the Secretary of State of Education of São Paulo (SEESP) since 2011, focusing on the political and pedagogical reasons explained in its legal scope. We initially present previous programs and projects to the implementation of the SPE, in order to contextualize measures and actions in the field of educational policy that encouraged community participation in school and that proposed prevention activities to potential conflict situations. Following that, this article examines the normative body that regulates the SPE, emphasizing the duties of the Teacher Community Mediator - PMC, which is the professional responsible for mediating violence and indiscipline cases in the units of state schools.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el programa del Sistema de Protección Escolar - SPE implementado por la Secretaría de Estado de Educación de São Paulo (SEESP) desde 2011, centrándose em sus motivaciones políticas y pedagógicas. Se presenta inicialmente, programas y proyectos anteriores a la aplicación de la SPE, con el fin de contextualizar las medidas y acciones en el ámbito de la política educativa que fomenta la participación de la comunidad en la escuela y las actividades de prevención propuestas para posibles situaciones de conflicto. Después, se examina el cuerpo normativo que regula la SPE, con énfasis en los deberes del maestro mediador comunitario - PMC, profesional responsable por la mediación de la violencia y la indisciplina de las escuelas estatales.

Octocrylene (2-ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2-propenoate) is present in several sunscreens and is known to work synergistically with UV filters. We prepared eight octocrylene-related compounds to test their photoprotective activities by measuring diffuse transmittance. The compounds had varied photoprotection profiles, with Sun Protection Factors (SPF) ranging from 1 to 5 and UVA Protection Factors (UVAPF) ranging from 1 to 8. Compounds 4, 5, and 7 showed the best protection against UVB sunrays, while compounds 5, 6, and 7 presented the best results for protection from UVA, so compound 7 had the most balanced protection overall. Results for compounds 4, 8, and 9 are reported for the first time in the literature.